Head and neck cancer is a serious group of diseases, but unlike many other cancers, its early signs are often visible and detectable. The key is knowing what to look for and acting quickly. Early detection is crucial, as it dramatically improves the chances of successful treatment and long-term survival.
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This guide will empower you to recognise the subtle, and sometimes not-so-subtle, symptoms of head and neck cancer.
What is Head and Neck Cancer?: Head and neck cancer refers to a range of cancers that develop in the mouth, throat, voice box (larynx), sinuses, salivary glands, and other parts of the head and neck. These cancers are most often squamous cell carcinomas, which begin in the moist, flat cells lining these areas.
Who is at Risk?: While anyone can be affected, the following factors significantly increase your risk:
- Tobacco and Alcohol Use: This is the most significant risk factor. The combined use of tobacco (smoking or chewing) and alcohol poses a much greater risk than using either alone.
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Certain types of HPV, particularly HPV-16, are a leading cause of oropharyngeal cancer (cancer of the tonsils, tongue base, and soft palate).
- Betel Quid and Paan: Chewing these substances is a major risk factor, especially for oral cancers.
- Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure increases the risk of lip cancer.
- Age and Gender: More common in men and in people over 50.
- Poor Nutrition: A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables can increase the risk.
The Signs You Need to Spot: Early symptoms are often mistaken for common ailments like a cold or sore throat. The crucial difference is that these signs persist and don’t get better. If you experience any of the following for more than 2-3 weeks, it’s time to see a doctor or an ENT specialist.
- A Lump or Sore: Any persistent lump in the neck, on the lips, or anywhere inside the mouth that doesn’t go away. This can also be a sore or an ulcer that fails to heal.
- Persistent Sore Throat: A sore throat that doesn’t improve with medication and lasts for a prolonged period.
- Hoarseness or Voice Changes: A change in your voice, such as hoarseness, that lasts for more than a few weeks.
- Difficulty Swallowing: Pain or difficulty when chewing or swallowing food or liquids (a feeling that something is stuck in your throat).
- Pain or Bleeding: Unexplained mouth, ear, or throat pain, or bleeding from the mouth or nose.
- White or Red Patches: Patches on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth. These can be a sign of early cancer.
- Loose Teeth or Denture Problems: Teeth becoming loose or dentures no longer fitting well without clear reason.
- Unexplained Weight Loss: Losing weight without trying can be a symptom of many types of cancer, including those in the head and neck.
- Trouble Breathing: A blocked nose on one side that doesn’t clear, or difficulty breathing.
The Power of a Proactive Approach: Early detection is your best defence. Don’t wait for the symptoms to worsen.
- Routine Self-Checks: Each month, look in the mirror and check your mouth, tongue, gums, and lips for any unusual lumps, sores, or patches.
- See Your Doctor: Your doctor is an essential partner in spotting early signs of oral cancer. Regular check-ups should include a visual and physical examination of your mouth and neck.
- Know Your Body: Listen to your body. If something feels wrong and isn’t improving, seek medical advice.
- Talk to an ENT Specialist: If you have any of the persistent symptoms listed above, don’t hesitate to book an appointment with your doctor. They can perform a thorough examination and recommend further tests if needed.
By staying alert and encouraging awareness, we can identify head and neck cancers at their earliest, most treatable stages. Your vigilance could save a life—maybe even your own.
Dr. Muhammad Sohail Awan, MBBS, FCPS, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery (ENT), The Aga Khan University Hospital